Dark-eyed Junco

perennial herb

Winter resident, seeds important cold-season resource

tree

Winter visitor; forages for fallen fruit and insects in leaf litter beneath trees Dec-Mar

grass

Primary winter food source, Dec-Feb

tree

Utilizes dense juniper foliage for roosting and shelter during winter in California mountains

grass

important winter diet supplement; forages ground-level seeds November-April

shrub

Overwinter survival dependent on hip availability Nov-Mar

grass

primary winter foraging resource Dec-Feb; supports overwintering populations

perennial herb

fall seed consumption in chaparral scrub habitat

annual

Winter diet staple during overwintering period

perennial herb

Dense herbaceous cover for roosting and protection Nov-Mar

annual

Winter resident foraging on seed heads September through March

fern

Dense fern cover provides roosting and foraging habitat during cooler months

grass

Critical fall and winter seed source during migration and overwintering Nov-Mar

grass

Winter seed foraging December-February in coastal California populations

shrub

Winter foraging on fruit; important caloric resource

fern

Forages beneath fern cover during winter months in montane and foothill woodlands

perennial herb

Ground forager consuming fallen berries and seeds in oak-woodland understory during winter months

fern

Forages beneath fronds for arthropods during overwintering (October-March)

annual

Winter visitor relying on seed availability

perennial herb

Seed foraging during fall migration and winter months

fern

foraging on arthropods in fronds during winter months

shrub

Winter resident; year-round foraging resource

grass

winter resident; gleans seeds from grass during migration and overwintering

grass

Primary winter diet staple Dec-Feb

grass

critical seed foraging resource during winter months Nov-Feb

perennial herb

fall migration and overwintering seed consumption

grass

winter residents feed on grass seeds September through April

grass

important winter seed resource for overwintering populations

shrub

Berries consumed Dec-Feb during overwinter period in California

tree

Important seed source during fall migration and winter foraging

grass

Ground foraging on grass seeds during winter months in California coastal sage scrub habitat

shrub

Winter roosting and cover in montane riparian areas, November-March

fern

Uses dense fern clumps for shelter and foraging cover year-round