Elk

perennial herb

Herbaceous forage, particularly in spring growth

tree

Spring leaf browse Apr-Jun when tender growth emerges

tree

foliage browsing in riparian zones, especially young shoots

fern

Winter and early spring browse; preferred during snow cover when other forage scarce

shrub

Browse on shrub foliage year-round; important winter and spring food source

perennial herb

Spring grazing on new growth in northern California wetlands and riparian zones

perennial herb

Browses on young horsetail shoots during growing season in montane wetland margins

perennial herb

Spring forage when new growth emerges

perennial herb

Spring forage item in riparian and wetland areas; California populations limited

shrub

Browse on shoots and leaves, especially in riparian and wet meadow habitats where ninebark occurs

perennial herb

Early spring emergent vegetation browsed during post-winter recovery

perennial herb

Evergreen understory browse; important winter forage in coastal redwood-tanoak communities

perennial herb

Summer forage during berry fruiting season

perennial herb

Spring and early summer forage during new growth; preferred browse in meadow habitat

shrub

Year-round browse, especially palatable new spring growth