European paper wasp

perennial herb

Hunts small arthropods on Salicornia stems; indirect relationship through prey species

tree

Nesting substrate on branches and twigs; nest construction begins in spring

perennial herb

Fall forage for carbohydrate provisioning Aug-Oct

annual

Early season nectar for colony establishment

perennial herb

Uses plant structure for nest construction and overwintering sites

shrub

Spring nectar and pollen foraging

perennial herb

Early season nectar foraging for colony initiation

perennial herb

Spring emergence and colony establishment Apr-Jul