Coastal Lipfern*

Construct webs among fronds to intercept arthropod prey

Dense fern patches provide covey cover and nesting habitat

Forages for small arthropods and insects among fern fronds

Nesting season cover in coastal sage scrub; forages for insects among fronds

Breeding season shelter and foraging habitat for aerial insects

Feed on fern tissue and associated arthropods; primary prey base for insectivores

Establish colonies in soil surrounding fern rhizoids; forage among fronds

Uses dense fern cover for nest sites and predator avoidance

Incorporates fern fronds into nest structures; uses for cover

Uses fern cover for thermoregulation and predator avoidance

Microhabitat shelter in fern fronds and soil interface

Uses frond bases and rhizoid clusters for refuge and thermoregulation